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A conductor used to establish electrical contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit.

The producing of chemical changes by passage of an electric current through a solution.

A fundamental, subatomic particle with a negative charge.

A toxic heat-stable lipopolysaccharide substance present in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that is released from the cell upon lysis. Some medicinal products are tested for the absence of these in order to ensure purity and absence of microbial contamination.

The amount of heat liberated or absorbed when a chemical reaction is carried out at constant pressure.

A quantitative representation of the extent of disorder of a system. A gas will have greater entropy than the same quantity of a solid or liquid.

An agency of the federal government of the United States charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress.